In this lesson we will explore which characteristics an organism must possess in order to be considered living. I will go on to discuss key terms such as autotroph, heterotroph, geotropism and phototropism.

In this lesson I will discuss the properties of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. I will also discuss the function and adaptations of key organelles such as the nucleus, cell membrane and ribosomes.

In this lesson I will define the levels of organisation and discuss this with reference to key systems, such as the immune system, circulatory system and respiratory system.

In this lesson I will explore the structure of the three macronutrients, including carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. I will go on to discuss the associated food tests which are used to detect the presence of the aforementioned macronutrients.

In this lesson I will discuss the structure and function of enzymes with respect to the lock and key model. I will go on to discuss why it is important that enzymes act within particular temperatures and pH values.

In this lesson I will define the terms osmosis, diffusion and active transport. I will go on to discuss which variables can be manipulated to affect the rate of diffusion.

In this lesson I will define respiration and discuss the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. I will define the role of mitochondria in respiration and discuss the importance of ATP.

In this lesson I will define photosynthesis and explore its equation. I will go on to explore which variables, such as temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis.

In this lesson I will explain the structure of the key layers which make up the common leaf. I will go on to discuss the function of the palisade and spongy mesophyll, the upper epidermis and the vascular bundle.

In this lesson I will discuss which mineral ions are essential for plants to function optimally. Ions including nitrate, magnesium will be discussed, as well as how they are absorbed.

In this lesson I will discuss how to experimentally determine to what extent light availability affects net gas exchange in plants. I will discuss the use of hydrogen carbonate indicator and its associated colour changes.

In this lesson I will explain the roles of the xylem, phloem and root hair cells in the plant. I will discuss how each structure is adapted to it’s function as well as how each is annotated.

In this lesson I will discuss the function of transpiration as well as the factors which affect the rate of transpiration. I will also discuss how the rate of transpiration can be investigated practically.

In this lesson I will discuss the composition of the blood. I will go on to discuss the structure of each component as well as how erythrocytes in particular are adapted to their function.

In this lesson I will discuss the function of phagocytes and lymphocytes in the immune response. I will discuss the stages of phagocytosis as well as how antibodies act to protect from pathogens.

In this lesson I will discuss the purpose and function of vaccinations. I will discuss the role of memory cells and how they contribute an accelerated immune response.

In this lesson I will explain the structure and function of the heart’s chambers, arteries and veins. I will go on to discuss the heart’s adaptations, including the role of semi-lunar valves and the thickness of the ventricular walls.

In this lesson I define CHD and explain the risk factors which are associated with its development.

In this lesson I define the function of arteries, veins and capillaries and explain their structural adaptations. I will define key terms such as lumen, elastic fibres and backflow.

In this lesson I explain the structure of the human circulatory system. I will discuss which arteries and veins supply blood to the relevant organs as well as which primarily carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

In this lesson I discuss the structure of the human breathing system. I will explain the function of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm as well as go on to discuss how the alveoli are adapted to their function.

In this lesson I will discuss the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. I will discuss the roles of the three macronutrients as well as the roles of other essential micronutrients, including vitamin D, calcium, vitamin C and more.

In this lesson I will discuss the structure of the digestive tract as well as the function of each component. I will go on to define key terms such as assimilation, ingestion and egestion.

In this lesson I will discuss the role of the small intestine as well as which of it’s adaptations make it best suited to absorbing nutrients. I will discuss the villi and microvilli in detail considering how they are adapted to their function in particular.

In this lesson I will discuss the role of digestive enzymes including amylase, protease and lipase. I will go on to discuss the role of bile in digestion, discussing how it leads to fat emulsification.

In this lesson I will discuss the role of the kidneys and how they participate in osmoregulation. I will discuss the structure of the urinary system and well as the nephron.

In this lesson I will discuss how the nephron is adapted to it’s function. I will define ultrafiltration and explore the selective reabsorption of glucose and water.

In this lesson I will discuss how plants respond to external stimuli such as light and gravity. I will define key terms such as phototropism and geotropism, as well as discuss the role of auxin.

In this lesson I will compare the human endocrine system and the human nervous system. I will discuss the nervous system in greater detail, considering the structure of nerves as well as the communication which exists between the central and peripheral nervous systems.

In this lesson I will discuss the simple reflex arc and discuss how it differs from conventional communication between the peripheral and central nervous systems.

In this lesson I will explore the structure of the eye and discuss the function of each key component. I will go on to discuss the role of suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles in more detail, considering how their behaviour affects how the eye focuses.

In this lesson I will discuss how the human body adapts to changes in ambient temperature. I will discuss the role of the hypothalamus, sweat glands and erector muscles in thermoregulation.

In this lesson I will discuss how the body acts to manage blood glucose levels. I will discuss the role of the pancreas, insulin and glucagon in detail as well as how pancreatic dysfunction can lead to diabetes mellitus.

In this lesson I will discuss the role of key hormones, including adrenaline, progesterone, oestrogen and testosterone. I will go on to discuss how FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen act to regulate menstruation.

In this lesson I will compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. I will go on to discuss sexual reproduction in more detail, considering the structure and function of sperm and egg cells.

In this lesson I will compare and contrast wind and insect pollination in plants. I will discuss the structure and function of the plant reproductive system in plants as well as the associated process of fertilisation.

In this lesson I will the structure of the male and female reproductive systems. I will go on to discuss the functions of the key components of each reproductive system.

In this lesson I will discuss key terms in genetics such as genome, chromosome and chromatid. I will go on to discuss the structure of DNA and RNA, considering their similarities and differences.

In this lesson I will discuss the processes of transcription and translation. I will discuss how mRNA is formed and how proteins are formed from an mRNA template.

In this lesson I will discuss key terms such as allele, homozygous, heterozygous and more. I will go on to discuss the arrangement of dominant and recessive alleles as well as the terms genotype and phenotype.

In this lesson I will explain the concept of monohybrid inheritance. I will discuss how to construct Punnett squares as well as how to interpret them.

In this lesson I will discuss the process and intricacies of mitosis. I will discuss each phase of mitosis as well as it’s end result. I will also explain the purpose of mitosis and why it is an essential process.

In this lesson I will discuss the process of meiosis and how it leads to the development of four genetically different haploid cells. I will go on to discuss the similarities and differences between meiosis and mitosis.

In this lesson I will explain how random fertilisation leads to genetic variation. I will go on to discuss the other causes of genetic variation within a species, both environmental and genetic.

In this lesson I will discuss the consequences of genetic mutation. I will go on to discuss the different types of mutation, including insertions, deletions and substitutions.

In this lesson I will discuss the Darwinian theory of evolution. I will go on to discuss natural selection and how it leads to the development of well adapted ecosystems.

In this lesson I will explain key terms in ecology such as population, habitat, community and ecosystem. I will go on to discuss variables which affect an ecosystem, including abiotic and biotic factors.

In this lesson I will define biodiversity and species richness. I will go on to discuss the importance of biodiversity as well as how it can be measured using quadrats.

In this lesson I will explain the relationship between producers, consumers and trophic levels. I will go on to discuss how to interpret food webs, how changes to trophic levels affect ecosystems and why energy loss across tropic levels occurs.

In this lesson I will discuss the carbon cycle. I will explain how carbon is released into the atmosphere and how that same carbon is recycled by plants and converted into fossil fuels.

In this lesson I will explore the nitrogen cycle. I will discuss the importance of nitrogen fixing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, decomposers and ammonia in the nitrogen cycle.

In this lesson I will explain the effect of common pollutants such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. I will go on to define the greenhouse effect as well as explain the consequences of global warming.

In this lesson I will explain the effect of eutrophication. I will go on to discuss the effects of deforestation, including the consequences of leaching and soil erosion.

In this lesson I will discuss selective breeding in plants and animals. I will discuss the issues associated with selective breeding and the differences between natural and artificial selection.

In this lesson I will explain how genetic modification is achieved. I will discuss the role of restriction enzymes and how vectors can be used as templates to form recombinant DNA.

In this lesson I will define transgenic organisms. I will go on to discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the genetic modification of crops.

In this lesson I will define micropropagation and its commercial uses. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation as well as define key terms such as explant and plantlet.